S2 Analysis of 2007 National Childrens Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey

Introduction

The 2007 Australian National Children Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NPAS) was commissioned by the Australian Government. The objectives of the NPAS were to examine the nutrition and physical activity of children age between 2 and 16 years old. Measured heights and weight were also collected to explore the associations with dietary and physical activity behaviours. The NPAS was the first national survey linking food intake and physical activity patterns with body measurements.

Random dialling was used to recruit 4487 participants between February and August 2007 on two occasions. Geographical locations using states and remote categories were used to ensure representative sampling. Data was collected in face-to-face home visits using computer-assisted interview software with subsequent computer-assisted telephone interviews 7-21 days after the home visit.

Food and beverage intake was collected as a 24-hour recall during both face-to-face and telephone interviews. All interviewers were trained to conduct 24-hour recalls and dietitians checked all data for content and plausibility, unusual intake values were queried and adjusted if needed. Food frequency responses were coded using the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) coding system and, the Australian Nutrient Composition database (AUSNUT 2007), designed specifically for the 2007 NPAS. The AUSNUT data contained nutrient intake estimates that when linked to the recall, allow for estimates of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fats and sugars for each recalled food item, which was aggregated to estimate and interpreted as an average daily consumption. Food items in the AUSNUT were used to define the foot items used in the SDM.

Physical activity was measured in 9-16-year-olds in two ways for validation. (1) A previously validated 24-hour recall method (Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents; MARCA) was used to collect two 48-hour instances (broken down by 5-minute intervals), one prior to the face-to-face interview and one prior to the telephone interview. (2) Children wore a pedometer device for seven consistent days to collect daily steps. Activity data was aggregated into, moderate and vigorous physical activity, organised sports, free play, active transport, screen time, non-screen sedentary behaviour and sleep. These activity categories were aggregated to create the SDM physical activity groups.

Methods

The NPAS data was used to satisfy three key components of the DiSCAO model; the consumption of food item groups, duration of physical activity and the macronutrient breakdown of each food item.

The analysis was conducted in three stages;

+1: The analysis of food items: linear regression models were used to estimate the intercept (daily consumption at 2-3) and the age slope (change in daily consumption per unit increase in age group) for each SDM food item.

+2: The average proportion of each macro nutrients per gram of consumption in each food item.

+3: The analysis of physical activity: linear regression models were used to estimate the intercept (daily duration at 9-11) and the age slope (change in daily duration per unit increase in age group) for each SDM physical activity.

For SDM age groups not collected in the NPAS data, the linear estimates were not extrapolated. Rather, consumption or duration are assumed to be at the level of the closest age groups. For example for 18-19 year olds and 20-24 year olds, the consumption of discretionary foods was equal to data collected for 15-17 year olds. The low number of age groups collected in the physical activity created greater assumptions, where the duration of activity for 2 and 3-5 years older was equal to 9-11 year olds. Calibration estimates will scale these estimates up or down to create differences in consumption and duration estimates for each age-gender-BMI group.

Why use linear regression

Initially, median values for each age-gender-BMI input values were used for physical activity and diet. However, as the model was developed for random samples, variations in each age-gender-BMI estimate created odd behaviour, effecting the age-dependency for physical activity and diet. The slope of the linear regression enforces an age-dependent relationship.

Results

Linear regression for food groups consumption

Liner regression models were specified for each food group type.

\[ C_{i,j,k} = \alpha_{i,k} + \beta_{i,k} \times J\]

\(i=\{ \text{BMI categoried} \}\)

\(j=\{ \text{Age groups} \}\)

\(k=\{ \text{Gender} \}\)

Figures 1 through to 11 show the observed NPAS data for daily consumption of each food group, with the median and fitted linear regression.

The Intercept (\(\alpha_{i,k}\)) and change in consumption (\(\beta_{i,k}\)) are inputted for use in the SDM, presented in appendix.

Grains

Figure 1: Daily consumption of grains across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 1: Daily consumption of grains across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Vegetables

Figure 2: Daily consumption of vegetables across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 2: Daily consumption of vegetables across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Fruit

Figure 3: Daily consumption of fruits across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 3: Daily consumption of fruits across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Meat and protein

Figure 4: Daily consumption of meat and protein across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 4: Daily consumption of meat and protein across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Dairy

Figure 5: Daily consumption of diary across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 5: Daily consumption of diary across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Fats and oils

Figure 6: Daily consumption of fats and oils across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 6: Daily consumption of fats and oils across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Discretionary foods

Figure 7: Daily consumption of discretionary foods across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 7: Daily consumption of discretionary foods across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Water

Figure 8: Daily consumption of water across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 8: Daily consumption of water across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Sugar Sweetened beverage

Figure 9: Daily consumption of sugar sweetened beverages across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 9: Daily consumption of sugar sweetened beverages across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water)

Figure 10: Daily consumption of other beverages across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 10: Daily consumption of other beverages across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Other foods

Figure 11: Daily consumption of other foods across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 11: Daily consumption of other foods across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Percetange macronutrients within each food groups

The aggregate definition of each food group has a variety of individual foods that differ in the composition of macronutrients. Figures 12 to 22 plot the percentage of the macronutrients used in the SDM by food group. The standardized estimates (ensure medians sum to 100) are presented with 95%CI. These percentages are a generalised simplification of each food group. The SDM inputs are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 : Percentage of macronutrients within each food groups
Macronutrients
(Median , 95%CI)
Food groups Protein Carbohydrates Sugars Fats Moisture
Grains 9.6 (9.5, 9.7) 42.8 (42.6, 43.1) 3.7 (3.6, 3.8) 2.5 (2.4, 2.5) 38.6 (38.0, 39.2)
Vegetables 2.7 (2.7, 2.7) 6.0 (5.8, 6.3) 2.4 (2.4, 2.5) 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) 86.1 (85.9, 86.5)
Fruit 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) 11.7 (11.7, 11.7) 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) 87.0 (86.8, 87.2)
Meat and protein 23.9 (23.7, 24.2) 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) 0.4 (0.3, 0.4) 12.2 (12.0, 12.4) 60.3 (60.1, 60.6)
Dairy 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 7.0 (6.9, 7.1) 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) 83.1 (82.9, 83.3)
Fats and oils 0.4 (0.4, 0.4) 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) 71.0 (71.0, 71.2) 28.1 (26.9, 28.1)
Water 100.0 (100.0, 100.0)
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) 0.7 (0.7, 0.7) 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) 8.8 (8.8, 8.8) 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) 90.5 (90.3, 90.7)
Sugar Sweetened beverage 9.3 (9.2, 9.4) 90.7 (90.5, 90.8)
Discretionary foods 6.0 (5.9, 6.1) 21.5 (21.2, 21.9) 21.1 (20.7, 21.5) 12.7 (12.5, 12.9) 33.8 (33.1, 34.6)
Other foods 17.0 (16.0, 18.7) 11.7 (11.0, 12.3) 0.6 (0.6, 0.8) 1.2 (1.2, 1.2) 48.3 (48.3, 48.3)

Grains

Figure 12: Composition of marconutrients for grains

Figure 12: Composition of marconutrients for grains

Vegetables

Figure 13: Composition of marconutrients for vegetables

Figure 13: Composition of marconutrients for vegetables

Fruit

Figure 14: Composition of marconutrients for fruit

Figure 14: Composition of marconutrients for fruit

Meat and protein

Figure 15: Composition of marconutrients for meat and protein

Figure 15: Composition of marconutrients for meat and protein

Dairy

Figure 16: Composition of marconutrients for dairy

Figure 16: Composition of marconutrients for dairy

Fats and oils

Figure 17: Composition of marconutrients for fats and ols

Figure 17: Composition of marconutrients for fats and ols

Discretionary foods

Figure 18: Composition of marconutrients for discretionary foods

Figure 18: Composition of marconutrients for discretionary foods

Water

Figure 19: Composition of marconutrients for water

Figure 19: Composition of marconutrients for water

Sugar Sweetened Beverage

Figure 20: Composition of marconutrients for sugar sweetened beverage

Figure 20: Composition of marconutrients for sugar sweetened beverage

Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water)

Figure 21: Composition of marconutrients for other beverages

Figure 21: Composition of marconutrients for other beverages

Other foods

Figure 22: Composition of marconutrients for other foods

Figure 22: Composition of marconutrients for other foods

Linear regression for physical activity

Liner regression models were specified for each physical activity group

\[ D_{i,j,k} = \gamma_{i,k} + \omega_{i,k} \times J\]

\(i=\{ \text{BMI categoried} \}\)

\(j=\{ \text{Age groups} \}\)

\(k=\{ \text{Gender} \}\)

Figures 23 through to 28 show the observed NPAS data for daily duration of each activity group, with the median and fitted linear regression.

The Intercept (\(\gamma_{i,k}\)) and change in duration (\(\omega_{i,k}\)) are inputted for use in the SDM, presented in appendix.

Inactivity

Figure 23: Daily duration of inactivity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 23: Daily duration of inactivity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Screen time

Figure 24: Daily duration of screen time across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 24: Daily duration of screen time across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Sleep time

Figure 25: Daily duration of sleep across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 25: Daily duration of sleep across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Light physical activity

Figure 26: Daily duration of light physical activity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 26: Daily duration of light physical activity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Moderate physical activity

Figure 27: Daily duration of moderate physical activity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 27: Daily duration of moderate physical activity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Vigorous physical activity

Figure 28: Daily duration of vigorous physical activity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Figure 28: Daily duration of vigorous physical activity across age-groups, by gender and BMI

Conclusion

This report presents data analysis that summarises the 2007 Australian National Children Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey and used in the DiSCAO SDM. The data was used to estimate inputs for physical activity and dietary behaviour. Linear regression models were used to estimate the intercept and age-group slopes for input into the model. Using the AUSNAT data from the FSANZ was also used to estimate the composition of each food group by the main macronutrients used in the SDM.

Appendix : Input variables for DiSCAO

Linear regression coefficients for daily food groups consumption

95% Confidence Intervals
SDM Food groups Gender BMI Estimate lwr upr
Grains Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 144.51 130.74 158.28
Grains Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 23.03 18.34 27.71
Grains Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 143.38 84.78 201.99
Grains Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 26.62 7.88 45.36
Grains Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 151.66 121.71 181.61
Grains Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 20.91 11.20 30.63
Grains Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 144.65 130.60 158.70
Grains Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 15.07 10.34 19.80
Grains Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 166.64 104.95 228.33
Grains Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 5.41 -13.62 24.44
Grains Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 146.95 114.58 179.32
Grains Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 10.30 -0.14 20.74
Vegetables Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 113.70 99.04 128.35
Vegetables Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 29.62 24.62 34.62
Vegetables Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 123.16 59.66 186.65
Vegetables Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 21.46 1.34 41.57
Vegetables Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 119.30 87.78 150.81
Vegetables Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 27.76 17.51 38.01
Vegetables Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 123.54 108.78 138.30
Vegetables Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 20.43 15.49 25.37
Vegetables Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 116.93 51.80 182.06
Vegetables Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 27.56 7.56 47.56
Vegetables Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 126.93 93.00 160.87
Vegetables Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 18.05 7.05 29.05
Fruit Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 204.65 187.12 222.19
Fruit Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 10.15 3.65 16.64
Fruit Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 211.08 131.60 290.56
Fruit Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 5.71 -24.66 36.07
Fruit Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 213.20 175.68 250.73
Fruit Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 9.72 -3.51 22.95
Fruit Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 200.52 182.83 218.20
Fruit Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 8.50 2.24 14.76
Fruit Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 222.05 143.21 300.88
Fruit Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 4.43 -22.46 31.33
Fruit Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 232.63 192.28 272.99
Fruit Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope -1.48 -15.13 12.17
Dairy Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 430.31 401.53 459.09
Dairy Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 1.78 -8.05 11.61
Dairy Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 376.82 254.36 499.28
Dairy Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope -0.32 -39.84 39.20
Dairy Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 415.47 352.54 478.39
Dairy Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope -2.06 -22.47 18.35
Dairy Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 424.34 394.92 453.75
Dairy Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -21.61 -31.59 -11.62
Dairy Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 391.43 261.40 521.46
Dairy Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope -18.66 -59.85 22.52
Dairy Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 450.08 382.21 517.95
Dairy Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope -31.31 -53.35 -9.28
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 79.41 68.63 90.20
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 27.49 23.82 31.16
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 112.53 65.20 159.86
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 26.89 11.87 41.91
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 76.58 53.03 100.14
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 33.93 26.35 41.51
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 86.60 75.51 97.69
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 16.16 12.40 19.91
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 74.39 26.04 122.75
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 28.45 13.50 43.40
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 91.72 66.32 117.12
Meat and Protein Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 17.91 9.70 26.11
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 8.83 7.83 9.82
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 1.21 0.86 1.57
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 6.68 2.03 11.32
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 1.88 0.40 3.35
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 7.88 5.66 10.10
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 1.09 0.35 1.83
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 8.96 7.95 9.97
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 0.46 0.11 0.81
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 10.17 5.67 14.67
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 1.10 -0.35 2.54
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 8.20 5.85 10.55
Fats and Oils Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 1.06 0.27 1.84
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 89.50 74.28 104.72
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 39.11 33.94 44.28
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 102.59 36.20 168.98
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 26.20 5.13 47.27
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 101.75 68.59 134.91
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 32.66 21.96 43.36
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 91.62 76.09 107.16
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 32.41 27.20 37.62
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 129.62 61.28 197.96
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 20.01 -1.18 41.20
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 80.83 44.95 116.71
Discretionary foods Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 35.37 23.82 46.91
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 117.29 76.68 157.89
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 83.02 70.20 95.85
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 138.33 -26.61 303.26
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 99.80 50.08 149.53
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 121.04 34.45 207.63
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 94.36 68.17 120.56
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 124.44 81.58 167.29
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 61.26 47.74 74.78
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 194.64 25.22 364.06
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 49.81 -2.08 101.70
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 118.54 23.08 214.00
Sugar based beverage Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 68.48 39.28 97.67
Water Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 558.66 501.37 615.94
Water Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 116.42 96.79 136.05
Water Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 658.21 416.61 899.80
Water Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 118.35 41.36 195.34
Water Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 567.67 442.79 692.56
Water Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 147.98 107.54 188.43
Water Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 512.89 454.44 571.35
Water Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 103.37 83.70 123.05
Water Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 673.19 418.19 928.19
Water Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 99.21 20.58 177.83
Water Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 578.79 443.53 714.05
Water Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 110.98 67.36 154.59
Other Beverages Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 157.54 128.27 186.81
Other Beverages Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 40.77 30.85 50.69
Other Beverages Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 120.00 -12.42 252.42
Other Beverages Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope 44.19 1.87 86.51
Other Beverages Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 174.78 112.45 237.11
Other Beverages Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 40.10 20.33 59.87
Other Beverages Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 142.35 112.71 171.98
Other Beverages Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 40.24 30.49 49.98
Other Beverages Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 150.07 22.77 277.37
Other Beverages Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope 34.68 -4.22 73.57
Other Beverages Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 140.28 69.53 211.04
Other Beverages Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 46.46 23.93 68.99
Other Foods Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 26.26 8.24 44.28
Other Foods Reported Intake Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 12.99 6.61 19.37
Other Foods Reported Intake Males Overweight Intercept 94.18 9.19 179.18
Other Foods Reported Intake Males Overweight Age Slope -11.49 -39.36 16.38
Other Foods Reported Intake Males With obesity Intercept 68.62 27.79 109.46
Other Foods Reported Intake Males With obesity Age Slope 5.87 -7.43 19.17
Other Foods Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 41.84 23.47 60.22
Other Foods Reported Intake Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 7.68 1.47 13.90
Other Foods Reported Intake Females Overweight Intercept 67.96 -13.67 149.59
Other Foods Reported Intake Females Overweight Age Slope -4.29 -29.17 20.59
Other Foods Reported Intake Females With obesity Intercept 32.41 -10.39 75.21
Other Foods Reported Intake Females With obesity Age Slope 11.30 -2.69 25.28

Percentage of macronutrients by food item

median.summary.lcl.ucl %>% 
  select(food.groups, macro.groups, unweighted.median, unweighted.lcl, unweighted.ucl) %>% 
  mutate(food.groups = factor(case_when(food.groups=="Grains"~1,
                                 food.groups=="Vegetables"~2,
                                 food.groups=="Fruit"~3,
                                 food.groups=="Meat"~4,
                                 food.groups=="Dairy"~5,
                                 food.groups=="Fats"~6,
                                 food.groups=="Discretionary foods"~7,
                                 food.groups=="Water"~8,
                                 food.groups=="Sugar Sweetened beverage"~9,
                                 food.groups=="NonAlcoholic beverage"~10,
                                 food.groups=="Other"~11),
                              levels=c(seq(1:11)),
                              labels=c("Grains","Vegetables","Fruit","Meat and protein","Dairy",
                                       "Fats and oils","Discretionary foods","Water","Sugar Sweetened beverage",
                                       "Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water)","Other foods"))) %>%
  rename("Food groups"="food.groups") %>% 
  mutate(unweighted.median=sprintf("%0.2f", unweighted.median*100), 
         unweighted.lcl=sprintf("%0.2f", unweighted.lcl*100), 
         unweighted.ucl=sprintf("%0.2f", unweighted.ucl*100)) %>% 
  rename("Macronutrient"="macro.groups","Median"="unweighted.median", "LCL"="unweighted.lcl", "UCL"="unweighted.ucl") %>% 
  kable() %>% 
  add_header_above(., c(" ", " "," ","95% Confidence Intervals"=2)) %>%
  kable_styling(full_width = F)
95% Confidence Intervals
Food groups Macronutrient Median LCL UCL
Grains Moisture 38.57 37.99 39.16
Grains Protein 9.63 9.51 9.73
Grains Fats 2.48 2.45 2.52
Grains Carbohydrates 42.78 42.57 43.08
Grains Sugars 3.68 3.61 3.77
Vegetables Moisture 86.14 85.85 86.47
Vegetables Protein 2.71 2.67 2.75
Vegetables Fats 1.40 1.23 1.60
Vegetables Carbohydrates 6.05 5.82 6.30
Vegetables Sugars 2.42 2.38 2.47
Fruit Moisture 87.02 86.81 87.20
Fruit Protein 0.80 0.78 0.82
Fruit Fats 0.14 0.14 0.14
Fruit Carbohydrates 0.60 0.56 0.60
Fruit Sugars 11.69 11.69 11.72
Meat and protein Moisture 60.35 60.12 60.59
Meat and protein Protein 23.92 23.72 24.15
Meat and protein Fats 12.18 11.98 12.42
Meat and protein Carbohydrates 1.23 1.11 1.37
Meat and protein Sugars 0.36 0.34 0.37
Dairy Moisture 83.13 82.91 83.33
Dairy Protein 4.29 4.25 4.35
Dairy Fats 4.29 4.23 4.38
Dairy Carbohydrates 0.05 0.04 0.06
Dairy Sugars 7.01 6.90 7.10
Fats and oils Moisture 28.06 26.91 28.06
Fats and oils Protein 0.41 0.41 0.41
Fats and oils Fats 71.02 71.02 71.25
Fats and oils Carbohydrates 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fats and oils Sugars 0.51 0.51 0.51
Water Moisture 100.00 100.00 100.00
Water Protein 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water Fats 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water Carbohydrates 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water Sugars 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Moisture 90.48 90.32 90.66
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Protein 0.71 0.66 0.73
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fats 0.10 0.10 0.10
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Carbohydrates 0.07 0.05 0.10
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Sugars 8.80 8.80 8.80
Sugar Sweetened beverage Moisture 90.66 90.50 90.84
Sugar Sweetened beverage Protein 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sugar Sweetened beverage Fats 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sugar Sweetened beverage Carbohydrates 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sugar Sweetened beverage Sugars 9.27 9.16 9.40
Discretionary foods Moisture 33.78 33.08 34.56
Discretionary foods Protein 5.99 5.92 6.07
Discretionary foods Fats 12.71 12.49 12.92
Discretionary foods Carbohydrates 21.49 21.16 21.87
Discretionary foods Sugars 21.08 20.65 21.46
Other foods Moisture 48.27 48.27 48.27
Other foods Protein 17.03 15.97 18.75
Other foods Fats 1.19 1.19 1.23
Other foods Carbohydrates 11.72 11.02 12.29
Other foods Sugars 0.62 0.56 0.77

Linear regression coefficients for daily physical activity duration

95% Confidence Intervals
SDM activity groups Gender BMI Estimate LCL UCL
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 324.60 307.35 341.85
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 6.42 -7.15 20.00
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Males Overweight Intercept 304.43 266.74 342.12
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Males Overweight Age Slope 14.32 -14.13 42.78
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Males With obesity Intercept 311.23 250.34 372.12
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Males With obesity Age Slope 1.53 -46.76 49.81
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 350.84 332.99 368.69
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 15.40 1.66 29.15
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Females Overweight Intercept 339.15 309.25 369.05
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Females Overweight Age Slope 12.65 -12.44 37.75
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Females With obesity Intercept 318.17 264.12 372.22
Daily INACTIVE minutes Reported Females With obesity Age Slope 19.31 -24.43 63.05
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 215.79 198.47 233.10
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 27.60 13.97 41.23
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Males Overweight Intercept 257.81 219.97 295.66
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Males Overweight Age Slope 14.95 -13.63 43.52
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Males With obesity Intercept 281.88 220.74 343.01
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Males With obesity Age Slope 7.01 -41.48 55.49
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 182.81 164.88 200.73
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 17.39 3.59 31.19
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Females Overweight Intercept 197.34 167.32 227.37
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Females Overweight Age Slope 9.19 -16.01 34.39
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Females With obesity Intercept 257.50 203.23 311.77
Daily SCREEN TIME minutes Reported Females With obesity Age Slope -1.22 -45.14 42.70
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 596.37 587.22 605.52
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -23.05 -30.26 -15.85
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Males Overweight Intercept 597.14 577.15 617.14
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Males Overweight Age Slope -28.30 -43.40 -13.20
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Males With obesity Intercept 571.85 539.55 604.16
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Males With obesity Age Slope 4.59 -21.03 30.21
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 604.64 595.17 614.12
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -25.83 -33.13 -18.54
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Females Overweight Intercept 594.28 578.41 610.14
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Females Overweight Age Slope -17.29 -30.60 -3.97
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Females With obesity Intercept 614.43 585.74 643.11
Daily SLEEP minutes Reported Females With obesity Age Slope -33.98 -57.19 -10.77
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 98.36 88.85 107.88
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 16.68 9.19 24.17
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Males Overweight Intercept 91.96 71.17 112.75
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Males Overweight Age Slope 20.65 4.95 36.35
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Males With obesity Intercept 90.05 56.46 123.64
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Males With obesity Age Slope 13.47 -13.17 40.11
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 126.24 116.39 136.08
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope 23.37 15.78 30.95
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Females Overweight Intercept 127.09 110.59 143.59
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Females Overweight Age Slope 26.60 12.76 40.44
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Females With obesity Intercept 105.33 75.51 135.15
Daily LIGHT PA minutes Reported Females With obesity Age Slope 36.94 12.81 61.07
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 93.07 84.48 101.67
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -17.07 -23.83 -10.30
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Males Overweight Intercept 74.77 55.99 93.55
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Males Overweight Age Slope -9.09 -23.27 5.09
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Males With obesity Intercept 87.35 57.01 117.69
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Males With obesity Age Slope -12.89 -36.95 11.17
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 91.74 82.84 100.63
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -21.91 -28.76 -15.06
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Females Overweight Intercept 96.57 81.67 111.47
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Females Overweight Age Slope -21.99 -34.49 -9.48
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Females With obesity Intercept 75.41 48.47 102.35
Daily MODERATE PA minutes Reported Females With obesity Age Slope -11.24 -33.04 10.56
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 71.81 65.18 78.44
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Males Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -10.59 -15.81 -5.37
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Males Overweight Intercept 73.88 59.39 88.37
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Males Overweight Age Slope -12.53 -23.47 -1.59
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Males With obesity Intercept 57.64 34.23 81.05
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Males With obesity Age Slope -13.71 -32.27 4.85
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Intercept 43.73 36.87 50.60
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Females Underweight & healthy weight Age Slope -8.42 -13.70 -3.14
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Females Overweight Intercept 45.57 34.08 57.07
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Females Overweight Age Slope -9.17 -18.82 0.47
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Females With obesity Intercept 29.17 8.39 49.95
Daily VIGOROUS PA minutes Reported Females With obesity Age Slope -9.82 -26.63 7.00

Definition of SDM food groups compared to NPAS (AUSNUT) food items

SDM Agregated food group 2007 NPAS AUSNUT Food item
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Tea, Regular, Caffeinated (including flavoured teas)
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Herbal Tea
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Coffee Beverage
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Dry Coffee Powder
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Decaffeinated Coffee, Beverage
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Dry Decaffeinated Coffee Powder
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Dry Coffee Substitutes
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Dry Or Concentrate Coffee-Based Mixes
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fruit Juices
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fruit Juices, concentrate
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fruit Juices, Fortified
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Vegetable Juices
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fruit and vegetable juice blends
Sugar Sweetened beverage Fruit Drinks (Ready to Drink, Made From Concentrate)
Sugar Sweetened beverage Fruit Drinks (Ready to Drink, Made From Concentrate), intense sweetened
Sugar Sweetened beverage Fruit-Flavoured Drink Base
Sugar Sweetened beverage Cordials, Made From Concentrate
Sugar Sweetened beverage Cordial Concentrate
Sugar Sweetened beverage Cordial Concentrate, Intense Sweetened
Sugar Sweetened beverage Soft Drinks, Non-Cola
Sugar Sweetened beverage Soft Drinks, Non-Cola, Intense Sweetened
Sugar Sweetened beverage Soft Drinks, Cola, Caffeinated
Sugar Sweetened beverage Soft Drinks, Cola, Intense Sweetened, Caffeinated
Sugar Sweetened beverage Soft Drinks, Cola, Decaffeinated
Sugar Sweetened beverage Soft Drinks, Cola, Intense Sweetened, Decaffeinated
Sugar Sweetened beverage Flavoured Mineral Waters
Sugar Sweetened beverage Flavoured Mineral Waters, Intense Sweetened
Sugar Sweetened beverage Electrolyte Drinks (Sports Drinks)
Sugar Sweetened beverage Electrolyte Drink Bases (Sport Drink Bases)
Sugar Sweetened beverage Energy Drinks
Sugar Sweetened beverage Energy drinks, intense sweetened
Water Mineral Water, Unflavoured
Water Soda Water
Water Domestic Water (including tap, tank rain water)
Water Purchased Packaged Water (e.g. Bottled)
Water Purchased Packaged Water (e.g. Bottled), Fortified
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fortified Dry Beverage Flavourings
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Fortified Beverage Flavourings Made Up, Unspecified Strength
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Unfortified Dry Beverage Flavourings
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Unfortified Beverage Flavourings Made Up, Unspecified Strength
Other beverages (non-ssb, non-water) Other Beverages (E.g. Probiotics)
Grains Grains (Other Than Rice)
Grains Grains, Rice
Grains Cereal Flours, Dry Starch Powders
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, White
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, White, Fortified
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Mixed Grain
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Mixed Grain, Fortified
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Wholemeal
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Wholemeal, Fortified
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Rye
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Rye, Fortified
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Fibre-Increased
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Fibre-Increased, Fortified
Grains Breads, And Bread Rolls, Not Stated As To Major Flour , Or Fortification
Grains English-Style Muffins
Grains Flat Breads (E.g. Pita Bread)
Grains Savoury Filled or Topped Breads And Bread Rolls (E.g. Cheese and Bacon Topped Rolls)
Grains Savoury Filled or Topped Breads And Bread Rolls (E.g. Cheese and Bacon Topped Rolls), Fortified
Grains Sweet Breads, Buns and Scrolls
Grains Sweet Breads, Buns and Scrolls, Fortified
Grains Tortilla, Taco Shells, And Corn Bread
Grains Pasta, Including Plain, Flavoured and Egg Varieties
Grains Filled Pasta, E.g. Ravioli, Tortillini (no sauce)
Grains Noodles, All Varieties
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Corn Based
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Corn Based, Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Oat Based
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Oat Based, Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Rice Based
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Rice Based, Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Wheat Based
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Wheat Based, Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Wheat Based, With Added Fruit And Or Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Mixed Grain
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Mixed Grain, Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Mixed Grain, With Fruit And Or Nuts (Includes Muesli)
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Mixed Grain, With Fruit And Or Nuts, Fortified (Includes Mueslis)
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Other
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Breakfast Bars
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Breakfast Bars, Fortified
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Hot Porridge Type, Made From Oats (Including plain, flavoured and added fruit varieties)
Grains Breakfast Cereal, Hot Porridge Type, Made From Other Grains (Including plain, flavoured and added fruit varieties)
Discretionary foods Sweet Biscuits, Plain Or Flavoured Including Short Bread Varieties
Discretionary foods Sweet Biscuits, Plain With Fruit Or Nuts
Discretionary foods Sweet Biscuits, Fruit-Filled Or Fancy
Discretionary foods Sweet Biscuits, Cream-Filled
Discretionary foods Sweet Biscuits, Chocolate-Coated, Chocolate Chip
Discretionary foods Sweet Biscuits, Other Toppings
Discretionary foods Savoury Biscuits, Plain, Low Fat (<6% Fat)
Discretionary foods Savoury Biscuits, Plain, High Fat (>6% Fat)
Discretionary foods Savoury Biscuits, Flavoured
Discretionary foods Rice and Corn Crackers and Cakes
Discretionary foods Cakes, Cake Mixes
Discretionary foods Cake-Type Muffins And Mixes
Discretionary foods Cake-Type Desserts
Discretionary foods Slices, Biscuit And Cake-Type
Discretionary foods Scones And Rock Cakes
Discretionary foods Other Desserts Containing Cereal
Discretionary foods Pastry, Croissant
Discretionary foods Sweet Pastry Products, Tarts And Flans
Discretionary foods Sweet Pastry Products, Pies, Slices And Danishes
Discretionary foods Savoury Pastry Products, Tarts And Flans
Discretionary foods Savoury Pastry Products, Pies, Rolls And Envelopes
Discretionary foods Pizza
Discretionary foods Sandwiches And Filled Rolls (Where Recipe Not Known)
Discretionary foods Hamburgers
Discretionary foods Taco And Tortilla-Based Dishes
Discretionary foods Savoury Pasta or Noodle And Sauce Dishes
Discretionary foods Savoury Rice-Based Dishes
Discretionary foods Savoury Dumplings
Discretionary foods Pancakes, Crepes And Dishes
Discretionary foods Drop Scones, Pikelets
Discretionary foods Waffles
Discretionary foods Batters And Batter Puddings
Discretionary foods Doughnuts
Discretionary foods Crumpets
Fats and oils Butter, Regular
Fats and oils Butter, Unspecified Type
Fats and oils Dairy Blend, Regular
Fats and oils Dairy Blend, Reduced Fat
Fats and oils Dairy Blend, Fortified
Fats and oils Dairy Blend, Unspecified Type
Fats and oils Polyunsaturated Margarine Spreads, >65% Fat
Fats and oils Polyunsaturated Margarine Spreads, <65% Fat
Fats and oils Monounsaturated Margarine Spreads, >65% Fat
Fats and oils Monounsaturated Margarine Spreads, <65% Fat
Fats and oils Cooking Margarine
Fats and oils Margarine Spreads With Added Phytosterols
Fats and oils Unspecified Margarine Spread
Fats and oils Vegetable or Nut Oil Blends
Fats and oils Polyunsaturated Oils
Fats and oils Monounsaturated Oils
Fats and oils Animal-Based Solid Fats
Fats and oils Vegetable-Based Solid Fats
Fats and oils Other Fats
Fats and oils Unspecified Dairy-Based Fat Or Margarine Used As A Spread
Fats and oils Unspecified Spread, Cooking Oil Or Fat Used In Cooking
Meat and protein Fin Fish, Fresh, Frozen
Meat and protein Smoked Fish
Meat and protein Crustacea, Fresh, Frozen
Meat and protein Molluscs
Meat and protein Fish Roe
Meat and protein Packed Fin Fish
Meat and protein Packed Crustacea And Molluscs
Meat and protein Fin Fish, Battered Or Crumbed
Meat and protein Crustacea And Molluscs, Battered Or Crumbed
Meat and protein Fish And Seafood Products
Meat and protein Mixed Dishes With Fish As The Major Component, Plus Sauce
Meat and protein Mixed Dishes With Fish As The Major Component, No Sauce
Meat and protein Mixed Dishes With Fish As The Major Component, With Cereal Products
Meat and protein Mixed Seafood Dishes With Crustacea, Molluscs Or Other Seafood Products As The Major Component, Plus Sauce
Meat and protein Mixed Seafood Dishes With Crustacea, Molluscs Or Other Seafood Products As The Major Component, No Sauce
Meat and protein Mixed Seafood Dishes With Crustacea, Molluscs Or Other Seafood Products As The Major Component, With Cereal Products
Fruit Apples
Fruit Apples, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Pears
Fruit Pears, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Pears, Commercially Sterile, Intense Sweetened
Fruit Berry Fruit
Fruit Berry Fruit, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Oranges
Fruit Lemons And Limes
Fruit Other Citrus Fruit
Fruit Peaches
Fruit Peaches, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Peaches, Commercially Sterile, Intense Sweetened
Fruit Other Stone Fruit
Fruit Other Stone Fruit, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Bananas
Fruit Pineapples
Fruit Pineapples, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Other Tropical Fruit
Fruit Other Tropical Fruit, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Other Fruit
Fruit Other Fruit, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Mixtures Of Two Or More Groups Of Fruit
Fruit Mixtures Of Two Or More Groups Of Fruit, Commercially Sterile
Fruit Dried Vine Fruit
Fruit Other Dried Fruit And Mixes
Fruit Preserved Fruit (E.G .Glace)
Fruit Mixed Dishes Where Fruit Is The Major Component
Meat and protein Eggs, Chicken
Meat and protein Egg Dishes, Savoury (e.g. omelette, scrambled, quiche)
Meat and protein Egg Dishes, Sweet (e.g. souffle)
Meat and protein Beef
Meat and protein Lamb
Meat and protein Pork
Meat and protein Veal
Meat and protein Muscle Meat, Unspecified
Meat and protein Game And Other Carcase Meats (e.g. Kangaroo, Rabbit, Venison)
Meat and protein Chicken
Meat and protein Other Poultry (e.g. Duck, Turkey)
Meat and protein Feathered Game (e.g. Quail, Emu)
Meat and protein Liver
Meat and protein Other Organ Meats And Offal
Meat and protein Liver Paste And Pate
Meat and protein Other Organ Meat And Offal Dishes
Meat and protein Sausage
Meat and protein Frankfurts, And Saveloys
Meat and protein Bacon
Meat and protein Ham
Meat and protein Processed Delicatessen Meat, Red
Meat and protein Processed Delicatessen Meat, White
Meat and protein Meat Paste
Meat and protein Canned Processed Meat
Meat and protein Beef, Or Veal Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Gravy Or Sauce Only
Meat and protein Lamb Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Gravy Or Sauce Only
Meat and protein Beef, Or Veal Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Cereal Products
Meat and protein Beef, Or Veal, Crumbed, Battered, Meatloaf Or Patty Type With Cereal
Meat and protein Beef, Or Veal, Crumbed, Battered, Meatloaf Or Patty Type With Vegetable
Meat and protein Beef, Or Veal, Crumbed, Battered, Meatloaf Or Patty Type With Cereal And Vegetable
Meat and protein Beef, Or Veal, Sausage Dish
Meat and protein Pork, Bacon, Ham Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Gravy Or Sauce Only
Meat and protein Pork, Bacon, Ham Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Cereal Products
Meat and protein Pork, Bacon, Ham, Crumbed, Battered, Meatloaf Or Patty Type With Either Cereal And Or Vegetable
Meat and protein Unspecified Meat, Mixed Dish
Meat and protein Poultry Or Game Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Gravy Or Sauce Only
Meat and protein Poultry Or Game Stew, Casserole, Stir Fry With Cereal Products
Meat and protein Poultry Or Game Crumbed, Battered, Meatloaf Or Patty Type With Cereal
Meat and protein Poultry Or Game Crumbed, Battered, Meatloaf Or Patty Type With Vegetable
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Fat-Increased
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Regular Whole, Full Fat
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Regular Whole, Full Fat, Fortified
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Reduced Fat, < 2%
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Reduced Fat, < 2%, Fortified
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Skim, Non-Fat
Dairy Milk, Cow, Fluid, Added Substances Other Than Nutrients (E.g. Phytosterols)
Dairy Milk, Evaporated, Undiluted
Dairy Milk, Condensed, Undiluted
Dairy Milk, Powder, Dry, Regular Fat
Dairy Milk Powder, Dry, Skim
Dairy Milk, Fluid, Other (e.g. Goat and Sheep)
Dairy Milk, Fluid, Unspecified
Dairy Yoghurt, Natural And Yoghurt Dips, Full Fat
Dairy Yoghurt, Natural And Yoghurt Dips, Reduced Fat
Dairy Yoghurt, Natural And Yoghurt Dips, Skim And Non-Fat
Dairy Yoghurt, Flavoured or Added Fruit, Full Fat
Dairy Yoghurt, Full Fat, Fruit and or Cereal Added
Dairy Yoghurt, Flavoured or Added Fruit, Reduced Fat
Dairy Yoghurt, Flavoured or Added Fruit, Low Fat, Skim Or Non-Fat, Sugar Sweetened
Dairy Yoghurt, Flavoured or Added Fruit, Low Fat, Skim, Or Non-Fat, Intense Sweetened
Dairy Yoghurt, Drinks, Buttermilk
Dairy Yoghurt, High Fat (> 4% Fat)
Dairy Yoghurt, High Fat (> 4% Fat), Fruit And Or Cereal Added
Dairy Yoghurt, Unspecified fat
Dairy Cream, Thickened Cream, Rich Cream
Dairy Cream, Sour And Sour Cream-Based Dips
Dairy Cream, Reduced Fat, Light, Extra Light
Dairy Cream, Sour, Reduced Fat, Light, Extra Light And Sour Cream Based Dips
Dairy Cream, Unspecified Fat Level
Dairy Cream, Sour, Unspecified Fat Level
Dairy Cheese, Natural, Traditional
Dairy Cheese, Natural, Reduced Fat And Fat-Modified
Dairy Cheese, Cottage And Cheese, Cottage, Low Fat
Dairy Cheese, Cream And Cheese, Cream, Reduced Fat, Cream Cheese-Based Dips, Fruit Cheese
Dairy Cheese, Processed
Dairy Cheese, Processed, Reduced Fat
Dairy Cheese, Processed, Fortified
Dairy Cheese, Camembert, Brie
Dairy Ice Cream, Tub Varieties, >10% Fat
Dairy Ice Cream, Tub Varieties, <10% Fat
Dairy Ice Cream, Individual Bar, Stick And Cone Varieties
Dairy Frozen Yoghurts, All Types, Regular Fat
Dairy Frozen Dairy Desserts
Dairy Custard, Regular Fat
Dairy Custard, Reduced Fat
Dairy Dairy Desserts, Smooth Or Gelatin-Based Dairy Desserts (e.g. mousse, fruiche, creamed rice)
Dairy Other Milk-, Cheese- Or Cream-Based Desserts (e.g. cheesecake)
Dairy Milk, Other Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Full Fat
Dairy Milk, Coffee or Chocolate Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Full Fat
Dairy Milk, Other Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Reduced Fat
Dairy Milk, Coffee or Chocolate Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Reduced Fat
Dairy Milk, Other Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Low Fat, Skim Or Non-Fat
Dairy Milk, Coffee or Chocolate Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Low Fat, Skim Or Non-Fat
Dairy Milk Other Flavoured And Milk-Based Drinks, Not Stated As To Fat
Dairy Milk-Based, Fruit Drinks
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Plain
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Plain, Fortified
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Plain, Reduced Fat
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Plain, Reduced Fat, Fortified
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Plain, Skim, Fortified
Dairy Rice-Based Beverage, Plain
Dairy Oat-Based Beverage, Plain
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Flavoured, Fortified
Dairy Soy-Based Beverage, Reduced Fat, Flavoured, Fortified
Dairy Cheese Substitute, Non-Dairy
Dairy Soy-Based Ice Confection, Flavoured
Dairy Soy-Based Yoghurts, Flavoured
Dairy Soy-Based Yoghurts, Reduced Fat, Flavoured
Dairy Soup Containing Meat (Beef, Lamb, Ham)
Dairy Soup Containing Chicken
Dairy Soup Containing Fish Or Seafood
Dairy Tomato-Based Soup
Dairy Other Vegetable-Based Soup
Dairy Pumpkin-Based Soup
Dairy Dry Soup Mix Containing Meat (Beef, Lamb, Ham)
Dairy Dry Soup Mix Containing Chicken
Dairy Tomato-Based Dry Soup Mix
Dairy Other Vegetable-Based Dry Soup Mix
Dairy Canned Condensed Soup Containing Meat (Beef, Lamb, Ham)
Dairy Canned Condensed Soup Containing Chicken
Dairy Tomato Based Canned Condensed Soup
Dairy Other Vegetable-Based Canned Condensed Soup
Dairy Pumpkin-Based Canned Condensed Soup
Dairy Seeds And Seed Products
Meat and protein Peanuts
Meat and protein Peanut Products (e.g. Peanut Butter)
Meat and protein Coconut And Coconut Products
Meat and protein Other Nuts And Nut Products And Dishes
Discretionary foods Gravies (Prepared)
Discretionary foods Dry Gravy Mixes
Discretionary foods Savoury Sauces
Discretionary foods Dry Savoury Sauces and Casserole Bases And Dry Mixes
Discretionary foods Pasta and Simmer Sauces, Oil- Or Cream- Or Cheese-Based
Discretionary foods Pasta and Simmer Sauces, Tomato-Based
Discretionary foods Fruit-Based Pickles, Chutneys, Relishes And Mustard
Discretionary foods Fruit-Based Pickles, Chutneys, Relishes And Mustard, Intense Sweetened
Discretionary foods Vegetable-Based Pickles, Chutneys And Relishes
Discretionary foods Mayonnaise And Cream-Style Dressings, Full Fat
Discretionary foods Italian- And French-Style Dressings, Full Fat
Discretionary foods Mayonnaise And Cream-Style Dressings, Reduced Or Non-Fat
Discretionary foods Italian- And French-Style Dressings, Reduced Or Non-Fat, Vinegar
Discretionary foods Bread-Based Stuffings
Vegetables Potatoes
Vegetables Potato Products (e.g. potato chips wedges, gems and hash browns)
Vegetables Potato Dishes (e.g. potato bake scalloped potatoes mashed potatoes)
Vegetables Cabbage, Cauliflower And Similar Brassica Vegetables
Vegetables Carrot And Similar Root Vegetables
Vegetables Leaf And Stalk Vegetables
Vegetables Peas And Edible-Podded Peas
Vegetables Beans
Vegetables Tomato
Vegetables Tomato Products
Vegetables Pumpkin
Vegetables Squash And Zucchini
Vegetables Other Fruiting Vegetables
Vegetables Other Vegetables
Vegetables Onion, Leek And Garlic
Vegetables Mixtures Of Two Or More Vegetables
Vegetables Vegetables And Sauce
Vegetables Stuffed Vegetables And Vegetable Dishes
Vegetables Mature Legumes And Pulses
Vegetables Legume And Pulse Products
Vegetables Dishes Where Mature Legumes Are The Major Component
Meat and protein Meat Substitutes
Meat and protein Dishes Where Meat Substitutes Are The Major Component
Discretionary foods Potato Crisps
Discretionary foods Potato Crisps, Reduced Fat
Discretionary foods Corn Chips
Discretionary foods Popcorn
Discretionary foods Extruded Snacks
Discretionary foods Pretzels
Discretionary foods Other Snacks
Discretionary foods Sugar
Discretionary foods Honey And Sugar Syrups
Discretionary foods Toppings, All Flavours
Discretionary foods Toppings, All Flavours, Intense Sweetened
Discretionary foods Sauces, Sweet
Discretionary foods Jams And Conserves, Sugar Sweetened
Discretionary foods Jams And Conserves, Intense Sweetened
Discretionary foods Sweet Spreads, Fruit Flavoured
Discretionary foods Sweet Spreads, Chocolate or Coffee Flavoured
Discretionary foods Sauces, Sweet, Fruit-Based
Discretionary foods Sugar-Based Desserts (e.g. Jelly, Meringue)
Discretionary foods Sugar-Based Desserts, Intense Sweetened (e.g. Jelly)
Discretionary foods Water Ice Confection, Gelato, Sorbet
Discretionary foods Other Icing
Discretionary foods Chocolate (Plain, Unfilled Varieties)
Discretionary foods Chocolate-Based Confectionery (With Additions, Coated, etc)
Discretionary foods Carob or Yoghurt And Carob- or yoghurt-Based Confectionery
Discretionary foods Muesli Bars, Non-Chocolate (including drizzled or coated in yoghurt)
Discretionary foods Muesli Bars, Chocolate Coated or Chocolate Chip
Discretionary foods Muesli Bar, With Fruit or Fruit Paste Filling (including drizzled or coated in yoghurt)
Discretionary foods Muesli Bar, With Fruit And Nut (including drizzled or coated in yoghurt)
Discretionary foods Fruit Bar And Fruit-Based Confectionery (e.g. fruit leather, apricot delight)
Discretionary foods Nut- And Seed-Based Confectionery
Discretionary foods Bar, Cake-based
Discretionary foods Cereal-, Fruit-, Nut- And Seed-Bars, Fortified
Discretionary foods Lollies And Other Confectionery, Sugar Sweetened
Discretionary foods Chewing Gum, Sugar Sweetened
Discretionary foods Chewing Gum, Artifically Sweetened
Discretionary foods Beers, > 3.5% Alcohol
Discretionary foods Beers, 1.15- 3.5% Alcohol, Reduced Alcohol or Light
Discretionary foods Beers, <1.15% Alcohol, Ultra Special Extra Light
Discretionary foods Wines, Red (including sparkling varieties)
Discretionary foods Wines, White (including sparkling varieties)
Discretionary foods Fortified Wines
Discretionary foods Spirits
Discretionary foods Liqueurs
Discretionary foods Cocktails And Other Mixed Drinks
Discretionary foods Other Alcoholic Beverages
Discretionary foods Pre-mixed drinks, Cola-Based
Discretionary foods Pre-mixed drinks, Milk-Based
Discretionary foods Pre-mixed drinks, Other
Other foods Milk-Based Liquid Meal Replacements
Other foods Milk-Based Powder Meal Replacements
Other foods Oral Supplement Liquids
Other foods Oral Supplement Powders
Other foods Yeast
Other foods Yeast, Vegetable And Meat Extracts
Other foods Intense Sweetener, Tablet
Other foods Intense Sweetener, Unspecified
Other foods Salt
Other foods Herbs And Spices
Other foods Stock Cubes And Seasonings
Other foods Stock, Prepared
Other foods Essences
Other foods Chemical Raising Agents And Cooking Ingredients
Other foods Gelatine
Other foods Human Breast Milk
Other foods Toddler Formula, Milk Based
Other foods Toddler Formula, Soy Based
Other foods Infant Cereals
Other foods Infant Pasta And Rice Dishes
Other foods Infant Fruit And Fruit-Based Desserts
Other foods Infant Vegetables and Vegetable Based Dinners
Other foods Infant Egg-, Fish-, Poultry- And Meat-Based Dinners
Other foods Infant Custards
Other foods Other Infant Desserts
Other foods Infant Fruit Juices
Other foods Multivitamin and or Mineral, tablet, capsule or powder formulation
Other foods Multivitamin and or Mineral, liquid formulation
Other foods Multivitamin and or mineral, powder formulation
Other foods Iron supplements
Other foods Fluoride supplements
Other foods Calcium supplements
Other foods Zinc supplements
Other foods Other single mineral supplements
Other foods Vitamin C supplements
Other foods Vitamin E supplements
Other foods Other single vitamin supplements
Other foods Herbal supplements
Other foods Herbal and vitamin or mineral supplements
Other foods Homoeopathic supplements
Other foods Fish oil supplements
Other foods Fish oil supplements with added nutrients
Other foods Cod liver oil supplements
Other foods Evening Primrose oil supplements
Other foods Other oil supplements
Other foods Protein supplements
Other foods Meal replacement supplements
Other foods Fibre supplement
Other foods Probiotics Supplements
Other foods Other supplements
## R version 4.3.2 (2023-10-31)
## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
## Running under: Pop!_OS 20.04 LTS
## 
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS:   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/blas/libblas.so.3.9.0 
## LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.9.0
## 
## locale:
##  [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C              
##  [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8    
##  [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8   
##  [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C                 
##  [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C            
## [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C       
## 
## time zone: Australia/Sydney
## tzcode source: system (glibc)
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] grid      stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
## [8] base     
## 
## other attached packages:
##  [1] zoo_1.8-12         foreign_0.8-86     quantreg_5.97      SparseM_1.81      
##  [5] RColorBrewer_1.1-3 scales_1.2.1       gridExtra_2.3      kableExtra_1.3.4  
##  [9] patchwork_1.1.3    readxl_1.4.3       lubridate_1.9.2    forcats_1.0.0     
## [13] stringr_1.5.0      dplyr_1.1.2        purrr_1.0.2        readr_2.1.4       
## [17] tidyr_1.3.0        tibble_3.2.1       ggplot2_3.4.3      tidyverse_2.0.0   
## [21] survey_4.2-1       survival_3.5-7     Matrix_1.6-1      
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] tidyselect_1.2.0     viridisLite_0.4.2    farver_2.1.1        
##  [4] loo_2.6.0            fastmap_1.1.1        digest_0.6.33       
##  [7] timechange_0.2.0     lifecycle_1.0.3      densEstBayes_1.0-2.2
## [10] StanHeaders_2.26.28  processx_3.8.2       magrittr_2.0.3      
## [13] compiler_4.3.2       rlang_1.1.1          sass_0.4.7          
## [16] tools_4.3.2          utf8_1.2.3           yaml_2.3.7          
## [19] knitr_1.44           labeling_0.4.2       prettyunits_1.1.1   
## [22] pkgbuild_1.4.2       xml2_1.3.5           withr_2.5.0         
## [25] nnet_7.3-19          stats4_4.3.2         fansi_1.0.4         
## [28] colorspace_2.1-0     inline_0.3.19        ggridges_0.5.4      
## [31] MASS_7.3-60          cli_3.6.1            rmarkdown_2.24      
## [34] crayon_1.5.2         generics_0.1.3       RcppParallel_5.1.7  
## [37] rstudioapi_0.15.0    httr_1.4.7           tzdb_0.4.0          
## [40] DBI_1.1.3            cachem_1.0.8         rstan_2.26.23       
## [43] modeltools_0.2-23    splines_4.3.2        parallel_4.3.2      
## [46] rvest_1.0.3          cellranger_1.1.0     matrixStats_1.0.0   
## [49] rmdformats_1.0.4     mitools_2.4          vctrs_0.6.3         
## [52] webshot_0.5.5        jsonlite_1.8.7       bookdown_0.35.1     
## [55] callr_3.7.3          hms_1.1.3            systemfonts_1.0.4   
## [58] jquerylib_0.1.4      glue_1.6.2           codetools_0.2-19    
## [61] ps_1.7.5             stringi_1.7.12       gtable_0.3.4        
## [64] QuickJSR_1.0.6       munsell_0.5.0        pillar_1.9.0        
## [67] htmltools_0.5.6      R6_2.5.1             evaluate_0.21       
## [70] lattice_0.22-5       highr_0.10           bslib_0.5.1         
## [73] rstantools_2.3.1.1   MatrixModels_0.5-2   flexmix_2.3-19      
## [76] Rcpp_1.0.11          svglite_2.1.1        xfun_0.40           
## [79] pkgconfig_2.0.3